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Alyssa Byer

Alyssa Byer

Major: 

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

Mentor(s): 

Tatum Katz
Grace DiRenzo
Renwei Chen

Faculty Sponsor(s): 

Cherie Briggs

Faculty Sponsor's Department(s): 

Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology

Project Title: 

Determining the Role of Insects in the Spread and Maintenance of the Amphibian-Killing Fungus

Project Description: 

The emerging infectious disease caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has led to global amphibian population declines and species extirpations. Bd effects amphibians by infecting the keratinized skin, disrupting the flow of electrolytes across the skin and ultimately leading to cardiac arrest. Theory predicts that a density-dependent pathogen, such as Bd, would be eliminated following a mass mortality of its host because there are too few individuals to maintain it in the population. However, in the Northern Sierra Nevada, Bd persists with no detectable negative effects on amphibian populations. Biotic reservoirs, such as insects, may explain Bd persistence, as additional non-amphibian hosts may dilute Bd infections, leading to lower infection prevalence in amphibians. Here, I examine if the insect Drosophila melanogaster maintains a Bd infection over time. I separated groups of twenty male and female D. melanogaster into control and infected groups, and inoculated infected groups with 106 Bd zoospores from a cocktail of four Bd strains: TST77, CJB4, CJB5-(2), and CJB7. I euthanized insects daily for one week, and washed half of each sample with PBS buffer to remove any external Bd, which will later help determine Bd locality. Each sample was analyzed for Bd infection with quantitative PCR. The difference in results between washed and unwashed samples identify if Bd maintains a population on the surface or penetrates the insect. More importantly, these results may show that Bd is maintained in an ecosystem via insect vectors, indicating that Bd can be spread over short or long distances. Finally, I expect to show whether Bd remains constant or increases over time on insects, with the latter suggesting that Bd might reproduce on insects. These results inform theoretical models on amphibian-Bd coexistence to better understand host-pathogen population dynamics and their distribution. This study hopes to improve pathogen spread predictions and wildlife management.